How is a "short circuit" characterized in electrical systems?

A "short circuit" is characterized by an unintentional path that allows electricity to flow freely, bypassing the normal load. This happens when the electrical current takes an unintended route with very low resistance, often due to insulation failure, faulty wiring, or accidental contact. As a result, the current flow increases significantly, which can cause overheating, fires, or damage to components within the electrical system. This definition aligns well with the concept of a short circuit, emphasizing how the current bypasses the intended load, which is crucial for understanding electrical systems in automotive applications. The other options, such as an increase in electrical resistance, complete disconnection, and sparks from surges, do not accurately depict the nature of a short circuit. They misrepresent how electrical flow and resistance interact within a circuit, leading to confusion about the fundamental characteristics of electrical faults.